There was a time not long ago when we assumed that someone
who was labeled an “addict” was, by default, a drug abuser. If the addict’s
drug of choice was alcohol, we labeled them “alcoholics.” But lately, a whole
new class of behaviors are getting classified as “addictions,” and, though they
have nothing to do with drug and/or alcohol abuse–indeed, they might be things you think are
harmless–they are in fact serious conditions which may require professional help.
Substance Abuse vs. Addictive Behaviors
The definition of “addiction” has always been somewhat of a
moving target. Today, the dictionary tells us that an addiction is “the fact or
condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity:
he committed the theft to finance his drug addiction | an addiction to
gambling.”
Physical addictions to drugs and alcohol have always seemed
relatively clear-cut: the body becomes dependent and goes into withdrawal
(fatigue, DTs, stomach upset etc.) without the substance. Psychological
addictions, which are usually precursors to physical addictions when substances
are involved, include a much broader range of behaviors from sex to gambling to
texting. When such behaviors become so
all-consuming that they result in a physical, mental, and/or social withdrawal
from “normal” life, they’re considered addictions.
Some of the behaviors that can be addicting have been around
forever, it seems–sex, gambling, and of course Freud’s primal addiction:
masturbation. Other common behaviors, like shopping, watching TV and playing
video games, have only been recognized as addicting relatively recently.
Smartphones, Texting and Email
Enter the digital age of on-demand. Now that smart devices
have proliferated in developed countries to the point where they’re unavoidable,
new behaviors are surfacing that show all the signs of classic addictions. That
is, the new behaviors trigger
the same
rush of dopamine to the brain as drugs and alcohol. That’s not to say
that everybody you see walking, or driving, around with their faces buried in their
smartphones are riding a dopamine curiosity high. But if
you see someone having a breakdown because they’ve been separated from their
device (a not uncommon sight), you might be witnessing real withdrawal
symptoms. "When you start seeing that people have to text when they're
driving, even though they clearly know that they're endangering their lives and
the lives of others, we really have to ask what is so compelling about this new
medium?" says Peter DeLisi, academic dean of the information technology
leadership program at Santa Clara University.
Of course, when we
talk about smartphone addictions, we’re not talking about the device itself but
the experience the device enables. The same could be said for PCs. Email, for
example, can be like playing slot machines. We’re waiting to hit the jackpot. Not
necessarily a monetary jackpot, but delivery of some variation of satisfying
information (aka “variable ratio reinforcement”). When our desktop or mobile
device buzzes, beeps, or plays the 1812 Overture, we’re about as powerful as
Pavlov’s dog. That is, the sound triggers the dopamine curiosity loop, and,
even if the actual reward may be infrequent, all it takes is one hit to hook
us.
Online Gambling
While email and
texting (while not driving) addictions can seriously disrupt lives, they are
perhaps not as ruinous as other addictions fueled by the Internet and the
“always-on” digital culture. The online gaming industry, fueled in part
“pathological” gamblers, generated almost $40 billion in revenue in 2014. One of the more disturbing stats indicates
that 4% of teens have developed gambling problems as a result.
Cybersex
Addictions to
cybersex are rampant. For many, cybersex addictions have resulted in job loss,
divorce and a complete inability to have a “normal” relationship. According to
Wisdomforliving.com, 60 percent of all visits on the Internet are sex-related,
making it the number one topic researched online – that’s almost 40 million
people. Of those 40 million internet users, 8-10% of males and 3% of female
Internet users are hooked on cybersex.
Online Shopping and
eBay
eBay is also in the
category of internet-related addictions because of the excitement (and
dopamine) associated with bidding and winning. Online shopping in general can become addicting, even
without the thrill of the auction. Shopping 24-7 in the comfort of one’s home,
without the aching feet and the pressure of salespeople, makes it that much
easier to buy unneeded and unwanted stuff, just for the reward of purchasing
something. As a result, online shopping addicts can get into serious financial
straits by the time a problem is recognized.
New Addictions, New
Treatments
Fortunately, the
support community has kept pace with the explosion of new internet-related
addictions. Some traditional drug and alcohol abuse treatment organizations are
expanding their capabilities and applying some of the tried and true methods to
the psychological, behavioral addictions of Internet junkies. While such
addictions may seem less severe than addictions to drugs or alcohol, recovery can be just
as difficult. If you have an
acquaintance, friend or loved-one who appears to be struggling with one or
several of the new, digital addictions, there are many online resources that can help diagnose and treat the
problem. Keep in mind that, while such behaviors may appear trivial to
unaffected onloookers, they are serious problems and should be treated as such.